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Length - 06:08

Concrete Network troubleshooting expert Chris Sullivan discusses the main factors contributing to concrete spalling, or scaling, in outdoor concrete slabs. This type of surface failure is more common in colder climates where freeze-thaw cycles cause the water within the capillaries of the concrete to expand, creating pressure that can break away a weak top layer at the concrete surface. Although deicing salts can aggravate the problem, the key culprits are bad mix design and improper finishing practices. Sullivan emphasizes the importance of air entrainment, using the right water-cement ratio, and avoiding overfinishing of the concrete.

Learn more about the benefits of air entrainment in protecting against freeze-thaw expansion.